The most important book you’ve never heard of…

The Didache (pronounced did-ah-kay) has been described as the most important book you’ve never heard of. So what exactly is it and does it deserve this accolade?

Its full title, ‘The Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles through the Twelve Apostles’, explains its purpose and content. It is an early Church manual: the teaching of the early Jewish followers of Jesus to the new Gentile believers.

The Jerusalem Council of Acts 15 agreed that God had indeed “opened the door of faith to the Gentiles” (Acts 14:27). But after the Council’s ruling of four initial prohibitions (Acts 15:29), what else was required of Gentiles if they were to progress in the faith? If they were not expected to keep Torah as fully as their Jewish brethren, what did they need in order to walk in the same Way?

Here in the Didache we find compiled the necessary instruction to prepare them for immersion and membership in the Body of Christ. As such, this special document fulfilled a key role in the Great Commission to make disciples (not just converts) of all nations.

Walking in the Way

The Didache can be seen as a kind of apostolic Mishnah for new Gentile believers. Certainly there is a Jewish quality inherent in the text. The opening is particularly Jewish, and the language and prayers in later chapters have direct parallels and counterparts in the Judaism of the time. All the early believers in Messiah were still within the fold of Judaism, so this is hardly surprising.

Another similarity with the Mishnah is that the Didache is likely to have been passed on orally before being written down, as evidenced by certain mnemonic devices within the text. Most scholars believe its style places it in the mid-1^st Century, though some dispute this. If it is this early then it falls within the oral tradition of the time. The long title, quoted above, would have been added later when it was written down (incidentally, shorter versions of the title do exist, namely ‘The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles’, and just ‘The Teaching’, or ‘Didache’).

The Didache is an early Church instruction manual setting out teaching for helping new Gentile converts to become disciples.

The Didache is an anonymous document. Although the 12 apostles are mentioned in the title, they are not referred to in the text. Some see similarities with the Epistle of Barnabas and so suggest a link with him and hence with Paul. However, we cannot be sure if any of the apostles were directly involved in its production or transmission, although there is no doubt that the essential thrust of the Didache follows the same path and breathes the same spirit.

The Didache has been described as having an archaic simplicity (which fits its early dating). Its expressions are primitive. It contains no detailed creed, no exalted titles of Jesus, no lofty theology or doctrine. Rather it is a simple work of everyday living, reflecting the Jewish concept of ‘halakhah’, or walking with God. Its aim is to pass on the Way of Life as taught by Jesus (rather than provide a description of him and his works), directing Gentile converts in the step-by-step transformation necessary for full participation in their new faith.

Before the ‘Parting of the Ways’

The Didache clearly represents a time before Christianity became separated from Judaism. Nothing in it indicates the later ‘parting of the ways’. It has been described as one of the last voices of authentic apostolic faith: the final flowering of Judeo-Christianity before Greek influence and theology took charge. This alone makes it a fascinating and worthwhile document to study.

The Didache was popular among early believers and enjoyed wide circulation. Numerous early Church writers mentioned it and quoted from it frequently, for instance Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Eusebius and Athanasius. It is mentioned as being read in churches, but was not considered canonical or to be used to confirm doctrine. However, it could be seen as being “appointed by the Fathers to be read by those who newly join us and who wish for instruction in the word of godliness.”¹

This is recorded as continuing until the 4^th Century, but by the 5^th Century the Didache fell out of popularity and was referenced much less. It does get an occasional mention in later times, but for centuries it was assumed that copies no longer existed. Then came a surprise discovery in 1873.

The Didache has been described as one of the last voices of authentic apostolic faith.

An Astonishing Find

A Greek Orthodox Archbishop, Philotheos Bryennios, was browsing in the library of the Greek Convent of the Holy Sepulchre in Constantinople and found a text lodged between two longer works in a single bound volume of Christian manuscripts. Somehow it had escaped the notice of previous cataloguers. Was this find too good to be true? Might it be a modern forgery? After a few years it was judged authentic and dated as a copy from 1056. It was finally published in 1883. When the first English translation was released in 1884, it sold 5,000 copies on the first day.

Although older fragments have been found since, this remains the only complete manuscript. Known as Codex Hierosolymitanus 54, it now resides in the library of the Greek Orthodox patriarchate in Jerusalem. In 1922 two Greek fragments were found in Egypt which were textually very close to that found in Istanbul, thus verifying its accuracy. In addition, a Coptic fragment from Cairo, dating back to the 5^th Century, was published in 1924, and another nearly complete Gregorian version was found in Constantinople in 1923, though never published. The 1873 manuscript remains the most reliable and complete.

Inevitably, a find such as this created a lot of controversy - especially where its contents didn’t agree with then-current Church traditions! The Catholic Church appreciated some bits of the Didache but was dismayed that some of its liturgy wasn’t there. Similarly, Protestants, pleased to see these omissions, did not like the emphasis on what they saw as ‘works of righteousness’, such as fasting twice a week. Both sides inevitably attempted various interpretations to place it more comfortably within their own traditions.

Intended for Study

The Didache is a short work, approximately one third of the length of Mark’s Gospel. It is composed of 16 short chapters (some very short), containing just 2,190 words in total. The vocabulary and grammar reflect the popular koine Greek of the 1^st Century. Its style is simple and terse. It uses only 552 different words, of which 504 are found in the New Testament. All this again points to an early date.

The Didache is a short work, approximately one third of the length of Mark’s Gospel.

The material of the Didache was probably intended to be studied in pairs, in a one-to-one format, as the entire text uses the second person singular. This is similar to the rabbinic concept of chavruta, where the novice studies at times with a partner of the same level, but at other times with someone more mature in the faith acting as a mentor. Indeed ‘The Training’ is a better title than ‘The Teaching’, as the Didache represents a form of apprenticeship! Crucially, the mentor was not offering his thoughts on these matters, but passing on instructions that he had previously received and was also living out.

The Didache also seems to be for both male and female disciples. Specifically female issues are addressed, and the novice is addressed as ‘my child’, not ‘my son’.

Flow of Topics

Some believe the Didache was composed in stages, with the first section, called ‘The Two Ways’, existing in some form before being incorporated into the Didache. Nevertheless, as a whole it displays a unity across its structure, with a flow of topics which may indicate a comprehensive step-by-step programme for Gentile converts to become full disciples. The layout allows the recipient to progress slowly from introductory material to more complex rituals of daily living and community.

Though there are no separate headings, the content clearly divides into sections or tractates. Phrases or topic sentences are repeated to signal the beginning of new portions and summary statements are used to bring blocks of material to a close. These linguistic clues suggest the following four sections (though some split the third into two parts, making five in total):

Section 1 refers to two ‘ways’: the Way of Life and the Way of Death. These two paths would have already been well-known from Scripture (e.g. Psalm 1) and the teaching of Jesus. The Way of Life concerns one’s relationship with God as well as one’s relationships with other people.

Much of this reflects the Torah and the Decalogue, but the Didache contains a noticeable emphasis on how Gentile believers needed to live within the Roman world. In particular, it contains new prohibitions pertaining to what they would encounter in Roman society. Overall, the Didache represents an interesting adaptation of the Torah to take into account the circumstances that these converts would face.

The Didache represents an interesting adaptation of the Torah to take into account the circumstances that new Gentile converts would face in the Roman world.

Section 2 provides regulations for eating, baptising, fasting and praying. The chapter on food is very short and simple, and covers meat offered to idols. The next chapter, on baptism, shows a preference for baptising in flowing water, although exceptions are allowed if this is not available. Baptism is to be done in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, and was to mark a clear turning-point in life, including the breaking of previous social bonds (even those within a family if necessary), as through baptism the convert was now joining a new family.

Fasting was to be undertaken before baptism and the next chapter indicates that in general a fast should be made twice a week, as within the Jewish tradition, though on different days from the Jews! This chapter also contains short injunctions on prayer, including use of the Lord’s Prayer.

The next two chapters contain the blessings to be made before and after a meal, especially the eucharist which was a full meal within the context of a family. Again, Jewish traditions are preserved here.

Warnings and Hope

Section three contains regulations for hospitality and for testing various kinds of visitors, especially itinerant prophets. They are to be welcomed and even honoured, but their time spent in any one community must be limited. Warnings are given against those who seek money or extended hospitality, and of course their words had to be tested and match their conduct, which must have already made a favourable impression upon the community before their words are heard.

The Didache contains a lot of cautionary advice regarding prophets - something still needed today. It seems the new Christian communities had much to fear from abusive and wayward prophets. However, ample provision is also made for welcoming true prophets, who could even be rewarded – provided they didn’t ask (interestingly, there is no mention of the communities creating and sending out their own prophets to other places. However, they were to appoint their own local overseer, or episkopos, which at that time was an entirely secular word meaning someone charged with oversight. These men were not themselves teachers or prophets, but also had to be of good conduct and then similarly honoured)!

The Didache contains a lot of cautionary advice regarding prophets - something still needed today.

The final section is on the end times! What a refreshing change from the complexities and confusion we find today. Here is a short synopsis of apocalyptic warnings and a message of hope. The emphasis is upon the ‘not yet’ aspect of the Kingdom, the need for holiness in preparation for Jesus’ return, and warnings of false prophets and deceivers.

Finally, three signs of truth are mentioned that will appear at the end: the unfurling or opening of the sky, the sound of the trumpet and the resurrection of the just. Then the world will see the Lord coming upon the clouds. Perhaps this is all we need to know in advance!

Now you’ve heard of this important book, click here to read our reviews of three editions currently available to purchase.

Catharine Pakington reviews 'Too Many to Jail – The Story of Iran's New Christians' By Mark Bradley (2014, Monarch Books)

I had heard of the rapid growth of the Iranian Church, so was pleased to come across this book about a house church movement that now has too many members to be confined to jail. Growing in the face of great opposition it can have lessons for us in a changing political climate.

Mark Bradley works as a researcher for a mission agency focussed on the Middle East having been involved with the Iranian Church for over 20 years. His earlier books 'Iran: Open hearts in a Closed Land' (2007) and 'Iran and Christianity' (2008) explored reasons for openness to the Gospel in this inaccessible nation. Too Many to Jail brings the story up-to-date, looking at the impact of disputed elections, tension with the West over nuclear capability and increasing official persecution of Christians. Why have these events encouraged rather than hindered the Church?

Iranian Revival: Hype or Reality?

The author outlines former president Ahmadinejad's objections to Christianity before presenting evidence that the reported Church growth is not mere Christian hype. Three chapters explore reasons for Iran's new Christians turning from Shia Islam. I was intrigued to see how the promotion of Islamic revolution by Khomenei and, later, Ahmadinejad resulted in many looking for answers elsewhere.

But then, what is it about Iran's culture and history that makes Iranians particularly attracted to Jesus? It is interesting to see how different aspects of Iranian culture are fitting together at this time: positive images of Jesus in Muslim writing as well as revered poetry combining with a surprising attraction for Western ideas and attitudes. The full account is worth reading.

House Churches Vital

What are the house churches? Examples are given and common themes identified before considering why they have been reaching the majority Muslim population in a way that "building churches" seldom did. These churches share an expectation that God will work supernaturally; family plays an important part and all groups have experienced persecution and suffering. Unlike 'building churches', these meetings are ones that Iranians feel comfortable joining. It can still be risky, but so much less so than entering a closely monitored church building with an alien culture. When persecuted, it is easier for house churches to regroup.

There is also the important role of technology providing the means for the Iranian Church in the diaspora to support, teach and set a standard of orthodoxy protecting a new movement from heresy. Others in the worldwide Church contribute through prayer and resources, some interceding fervently from their own experiences of persecution.

Suffering Part of the Story

Suffering is still very much part of the story and there is a substantial chapter in this book describing the pattern of persecution with some detailed testimonies. This part is not easy reading but necessary to understand what continues today. It should challenge us as we read that most come through the fire stronger in their walk with the Lord and with greater zeal to bring others to know Him.

We are left with a sense of awe at God's sovereignty as He builds His Church in Iran through suffering linked with His working through Iranian believers in other lands and the worldwide Church. That means we can all be involved and see God equipping us to stand for Him, wherever we might be, whatever changes we may face.

A Gripping Read

I came to this book with limited prior knowledge and found it gripping to read and deeply challenging. There are many testimonies from those involved with the Iranian Church, supporting the sense that the book has been thoroughly researched and carefully presented to give an accurate view.

The format and style make it accessible with a summary of the history of Christianity in Iran before 1979 given in an appendix, as are a list of aggressive acts towards Christians in Iran and the Final Testament of Mehdi Dibaj, murdered shortly after his release from prison.

Too Many to Jail (Lion Books, 303 pages) is available to purchase for £8.99 from Amazon.

The largest Muslim country in the world is rapidly becoming Christian! This is the amazing news coming from Indonesia where 2 million Muslims a year are converting to Christianity!¹

The Beginning

It all began back in 1965 following an unsuccessful Chinese Communist coup that led to an incredibly bloody civil war. During this war, the tiny Christian minority began to exert an influence for peace; pleading for love and forgiveness that had a transforming effect in war-torn communities.

Throughout the 1970s and 80s the churches grew right across the country. In 1987 my wife and I were speaking at a church in Surabaya, the second-largest city in Indonesia, and there were about 5000 people at the 6am service.

We counted about 70 people in white gowns sitting near the front and asked the pastor “Is this a special baptismal service?” He replied, “Oh no! We baptise this number every Sunday”.

Government Worried

We visited the church again in 2003. They had built a new building seating 25,000 which was full three times on Sundays. At that time the Muslim Government was already getting worried about the growth of Christianity. They had introduced a scheme of resettling Muslim families from Jakarta into solidly Christian islands. But the Christians greeted the newcomers with such love and generosity that they converted to Christianity.

'Save Maryam'

The Government abandoned the scheme. But there is still great anxiety that it will not be long before Indonesia becomes a Christian country. The growth rate of Muslims becoming Christians has increased to 2,000,000 a year – that is one conversion every 15 seconds! The imams have become so alarmed that they have produced a video “Save Maryam” in an attempt to reach young people and stop them converting to Christianity. See the video they have produced appealing for $2 million to try to stem the flow of disillusioned Muslims turning to Christianity!

With one conversion to Christianity every 15 seconds, the imams are alarmed"

The atrocities of the Islamic State trying to take Islam back to its Mediaeval past are causing widespread disillusionment among Muslims throughout Europe and the Middle East. But the faith of Christians in Europe does not equal Christians in Indonesia where most believers are active witnesses to the love of Jesus. Now is the time for Christians in Britain to open their eyes to the great harvest that awaits among their Muslim neighbours.

Spiritual Awakening

The great spiritual awakening in Indonesia could happen in Britain if Christians really believe and act upon John 3:16: “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.” In talking to our neighbours we should follow the example of Paul in Romans 1:16 – “I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes.”

References

1 Strang, S, 2015. Can This Be True? 2 Million Indonesian Muslims find Jesus Per Year, Charisma News, 7 April.

'A Wind in the House of Islam: How God is drawing Muslims around the world to faith in Christ', by David Garrison (WIGTake Resources, 2014, 328 pages, RRP $18.95, available on Amazon or direct from the book's website).

In the face of all the turbulence and strife in the Muslim world that we see on our TV screens and newspapers comes this unprecedented account of what God is doing in the world of Islam today. David Garrison, an American missionary and scholar who studied Arabic in Egypt, has examined a remarkable series of movements to Christ this century by Muslims.

He describes a ‘movement’ as 100 new church starts or 1000 baptisms in a two–decade period. Today, in more than 70 separate locations in 29 nations, new movements of Muslim background followers of Christ are taking place. Although the number of converts are relatively small within the context of the total world Muslim population, the results are extremely significant.

The author’s approach in exploring this extraordinary phenomenon has been to gather information from those directly involved and to present the experiences of individuals from their own perspectives. To this end he interviewed about 1,000 Muslim-background believers from the nine very different ‘rooms’ (geographical areas) where the House of Islam is significantly present. He describes how he interviews converts and seeks to find out why they converted. While acknowledging the weaknesses of this survey and his own biases he has sought to be as objective and accurate as possible. The whole issue of insider research is presented for the reader to assess.

This is a deliberately written book. It does not aim to be an academic treatise but a very readable and stimulating account of God at work. It also provides a good introduction to Muslim demographics and the history of (largely unsuccessful) mission to Muslims. The author seeks to explain why 84% of historical movements from Islam to Christianity have been seen this century and explores some of the barriers that hinder these movements today, as well as the errors of the past.

Above all, it is the testimonies of the new believers which are truly inspiring, especially because of the hatred, fear, deprivation and persecution they face. The author challenges those in the church to pray and get involved with the ministries and missions to Muslims.

Every Christian leader in the UK should read this book and communicate its truth to their congregations. It will put hope and joy in their hearts."

Dr Garrison has done us an extraordinary service in producing this great testimony of God’s activity in our time. The book is easy to read, and any Christian can get the obvious message that God is at work in the House of Islam. Every Christian leader in the UK should read this book and communicate its truth to their congregations. It will put hope and joy in their hearts.