Ezekiel: Father of modern Judaism

Living under alien rule

When sin becomes engraved on the heart of the nation.

Are these days a window of opportunity from the Lord?

Judgment might be inevitable – but it isn’t the end of the story.

A fearful message.

Even in a time of drought, those whose confidence is in the Lord will survive.

The Prophet’s appeal to common sense.

Say to them, ‘This is what the Lord says: “When men fall down, do they not get up? When a man turns away, does he not return? Why then have these people turned away? Why does Jerusalem always turn away? They cling to deceit; they refuse to return. I have listened attentively, but they do not say what is right.

No-one repents of his wickedness, saying, ‘What have I done?’ Each pursues his own course like a horse charging into battle. Even the stork in the sky knows her appointed seasons, and the dove, the swift and the thrush observe the time of their migration. But my people do not know the requirements of the Lord.”’ (Jeremiah 8:4-7)

In this passage Jeremiah makes an appeal to common sense. He says: when someone stumbles and falls over, if they are a normal, healthy human being, they don’t stay lying on the ground bemoaning their plight - they get up. In the same way, if someone finds he is going in the wrong direction, he doesn’t just increase his speed hoping that he will get to the right place in the end! He recognises that he has to turn around and go in the right direction – it’s plain common sense!

Jeremiah then makes an appeal to nature, saying that even the birds in the air know the times and seasons, observing their times of migration so that they are not caught in the wrong place in wintertime. When they see the signs of winter approaching, they fly away to warmer places. If they did not observe the signs of approaching danger, they would not live to survive the winter storms.

The citizens of Jerusalem and the general population of Judah were so stupid, they were not even exercising ordinary common sense and recognising the danger that was plainly to be seen, if only they would open their eyes. If the birds were able to see the signs of approaching winter, the people of Israel and Judah ought to have had no difficulty in perceiving the signs of danger on the international horizon. There was plenty of news from travelling merchants that the Babylonian army was actually on the move and heading towards the land of Judah.

Jeremiah appeals to the people of Jerusalem and Judah to exercise plain common sense and open their eyes to the obvious danger ahead.

God’s Conditional Promises

Of course, Jeremiah knew that the major responsibility for this national blindness lay firmly with the priests and prophets. They proclaimed publicly that the Temple was a holy place where the Lord God of Israel had his presence. God would divinely protect the building that Solomon had created and dedicated - he would never allow it to fall into enemy hands.

But Jeremiah knew that when Solomon had prayed at the opening of the Temple, he had recognised that God’s presence and blessings were conditional upon the obedience of the nation, that they should have no other God than Yahweh the God of Israel.

Idolatry was everywhere to be seen: not only at countryside shrines and high places up in the hills, but even in the streets of Jerusalem, where the people baked cakes to Astarte, the goddess of the Assyrian Empire who was also worshipped by the Babylonians. She had obviously blessed the Babylonians greatly, so the people of Judah thought that she might do the same for them.

Common Sense Ignored

Jeremiah was horrified at the extent of spiritual idolatry right across the nation and while he primarily blamed the priests and prophets, there was really no excuse for the people, because from infancy each one was taught the Shema:

Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength. These commandments that I give you today are to be upon your hearts. Impress them on your children. Talk about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down and when you get up… (Deut 6:4-7)

The first of the Ten Commandments was “You shall have no other gods before me.” Everyone in Judah should have known this, so there was really no excuse for spiritual ignorance. If the people simply exercised basic common sense, they should have known that God would not protect an unrighteous city and a land full of idolatry. They should have known the basic ‘requirements of the Lord’.

It was the responsibility of the priests to teach the people the terms of the covenant between God and the people of Israel that had been agreed by Moses when he called the assembly at Mount Sinai. But it was the responsibility of the prophets to look for signs of danger to the nation, including on the international scene. Both priests and prophets were failing in their duty, which is the reason why the people did not know the requirements of the Lord.

Jeremiah blamed the priests and prophets for the idolatry in the nation – but there was no excuse for the people either.

Disaster Ahead

Jeremiah was a lone voice on the streets of Jerusalem; banned from the Temple and even threatened by his own family. “Beware of your friends: do not trust your brothers,” he was warned. “Friend deceives friend, and no one speaks the truth. They have taught their tongues to lie” (Jer 9:4-5).

Jeremiah wept much for the people of Jerusalem because he could see what was going to happen to them: “Oh, that my head were a spring of water and my eyes a fountain of tears! I would weep day and night for the slain of my people” (Jer 9:1).

If there was no excuse for not knowing the requirements of the Lord in Jeremiah’s time, there is surely even less excuse for us today. We not only have the teaching given to Moses by God; we also have the Gospel in the New Testament and the revelation of truth in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus our Messiah. Our generation has rejected truth and does not even have the common sense to recognise that we are heading for disaster. Will we stop and turn around before we reach the edge of the precipice?

This article is part of a series on the life and ministry of the Prophet Jeremiah. Click here to read previous instalments.

Jeremiah’s most devastating prophecy.

“At that time,” declares the Lord, “the bones of the kings and officials of Judah, the bones of the priests and prophets, and the bones of the people of Jerusalem will be removed from their graves.

They will be exposed to the sun and the moon and all the stars of the heavens, which they have loved and served and which they have followed and consulted and worshipped. They will not be gathered up or buried, but will be like refuse lying on the ground. Wherever I banish them, all the survivors of this evil nation will prefer death to life”, declares the Lord Almighty. (Jeremiah 8:1-3)

This is the most devastating piece of prose among all the prophecies of Jeremiah. Jeremiah’s prophecies are usually in poetic form; but this is different, and so too is its content. There are no conditions here, nothing suggesting that the prophesied disaster is conditional - that it may happen, unless there is repentance and turning. All the red lines have now been crossed. Judgement is inevitable.

The placing of this devastating statement at the conclusion of chapter 7 is highly significant. It needs to be read as the final word of that chapter, outlining the inevitable consequences of ignoring the warnings: “I will bring to an end the sounds of joy and gladness and to the voices of bride and bridegroom in the towns of Judah and the streets of Jerusalem, for the land will become desolate” (Jer 7:34).

“‘At that time’, declares the Lord…” describes in vivid language what is going to happen in the city of Jerusalem and the land of Judah because, “they will not listen to you!”

A Figment of Imagination?

The shocking rhetoric of this text has been dismissed by some biblical commentators such as Walter Brueggemann¹ as ‘unrealistic imagination’ designed to shock the people of Judah, as a kind of last hope of change and redemption. Many commentators regard this outburst from Jeremiah as something that could not possibly have happened.

Sadly, recent archaeological evidence confirms that what Jeremiah foresaw was not a figment of his imagination, but an accurate revelation of what happened in Judah, and Jerusalem, in the year 586 BC. Research in the land of Israel shows that there was a sudden and devastating demographic fall in the population of Judah, in the city of Jerusalem and its surrounding area at that time.

Archaeology shows that what Jeremiah foresaw was not a figment of his imagination, but an accurate revelation of what happened in Judah, and Jerusalem, in 586 BC.

Some archaeologists say that the population of Judah suddenly fell from 108,000 to 40,000 inhabitants at that period through a combination of exile and destruction. 2 Kings 24:15-17 estimates that about 10,000 were taken to Babylon in the year 586 BC. Jeremiah says that 832 people from Jerusalem were taken that year, but he also records that a further 3,023 had been taken ten years earlier and another 745 were taken to Babylon in the year 581 BC (Jer 52:29-30). In addition to these exiles, we know that an unknown number went to Egypt after the assassination of Gedaliah, and that none of them, including Jeremiah, returned (see Jer 44:25-27).

Anthropologists studying the archaeological evidence for that period reckon that the fall in population across the land of Judah was around 80%, but in the city of Jerusalem and its environs, it appears to have been as much as 90% or even more.²

The devastation of the city and the towns and villages of Judah was similar to our modern ‘scorched earth’ policy, with unburied bodies left scattered across the countryside and open to the prey of wild animals and birds.

Terms of the Covenant

All this is to say that the scene described by Jeremiah in this passage was not a wild flight of his imagination, but an accurate forecast of what has now been discovered to have taken place in history. His description of people from all ranks of society being left exposed to the sun and the moon and the stars of heaven is a poignant reflection of the idolatry that had encompassed the nation, sweeping whole communities into pagan practices that had been roundly condemned by the prophets of Israel for centuries.

Jeremiah spent the whole of his adult life pleading and reasoning with the people of Judah and warning of the inevitable consequences of turning to other gods. He saw with horror what was happening in the nation in much the same way as Moses saw with horror the ‘golden calf’. Moses had been called by God to establish his covenant relationship with the people of Israel and warned them of the consequences of breaking that covenant (Deut 4:24-26).

Jeremiah was present when Josiah renewed the covenant (2 Kings 23). The king pledged loyalty to Yahweh after he had sent the scroll to the Prophet Huldah, asking whether or not it was a genuine word from God (2 Chron 34:22-28). Jeremiah expressed full agreement with the words of Huldah, “Tell them that this is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says: ‘cursed is the man who does not obey the terms of this covenant’” (Jer 11:3).

Jeremiah’s description of people being left exposed to the sun and moon and stars of heaven is a poignant reflection of the idolatry that had encompassed the nation.

From that time the ministry of Jeremiah was exclusively directed to warning the nation – the political and religious leaders as well as the ordinary people – about the consequences of breaking the covenant and putting the nation outside the covering protection of God. The brutal warning in this prophecy that concluded his message in chapter 7 accurately foresaw not only the desolation of the land and the slaughter of the population, but also the devastating effect upon the survivors who were taken into exile in Babylon, who preferred death to life. This is so poignantly depicted in Psalm 137: “By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept when we remembered Zion. There on the poplars we hung our harps, for there our captors asked us for songs, our tormentors demanded songs of joy; they said, ‘Sing us one of the songs of Zion!’...” (Ps 137:1-3).

God’s Protection Removed

Can any Bible-believing Christian in Britain or the Western nations fail to tremble when we read the words of Jeremiah and those of the psalmist in Babylon? Historical facts confirm the prophetic words of Jeremiah 8:1-3: God removed his cover of protection from Jerusalem and the land of Judah, allowing the wrath of cruel humanity to do its worst.

In recent times we have seen history repeated in the central European Holocaust that murdered 6 million Jews. But in Israel today, as in all the nations of the West, the land is being polluted with the blood of the innocent, as babies are sacrificed on the altar of abortion clinics. Will God once again remove his cover of protection?

References

1 Jeremiah 1-25: To Pluck Up, To Tear Down. International Theological Commentary, Handsel Press, Edinburgh, 1988, p80.

2 Ahn, JJ and Middlemas, J, 2013. By the Irrigation Canals of Babylon: Approaches To The Study Of The Exile. T&T Clark, New York and London, p149.

This article is part of a series on the life and ministry of the Prophet Jeremiah. Read previous instalments here.

God’s abhorrence at the killing of children.

“The people of Judah have done evil in my eyes”, declares the Lord. “They have set up their detestable idols in the house that bears my name and have defiled it. They have built the high places of Topheth in the valley of Ben Hinnom to burn their sons and daughters in the fire – something I did not command, nor did it enter my mind.” (Jeremiah 7:30-31)

Jeremiah does not identify the pagan gods or goddesses that had been set up in the Temple, but his description of what was happening in the Valley of Ben Hinnom fits the description of Molech, the detestable god of the Ammonites, who had been introduced to the land of Judah by King Solomon when he set up shrines to each of the gods of his foreign wives (1 Kings 11:7).

Molech was a particularly evil god to whom children were sacrificed in the fire. This form of religious sacrifice was so abhorrent to God that Moses was told to make it a capital offence: “The Lord said to Moses, say to the Israelites: any Israelite or any alien living in Israel who gives any of his children to Molech must be put to death. The people of the community are to stone him” (Lev 20:1-2).

The Fires of Gehenna

Hezekiah had cleansed the land of many foreign shrines on the high places but Manasseh, his son, re-introduced a wide range of idolatry including the worship of Molech: “In both courts of the temple of the Lord, he built altars to all the starry hosts. He sacrificed his own son in the fire, practising sorcery and divination” (2 Kings 21:5- 6).

All this was reversed when the young Josiah came of age and instituted reforms, removing “from the temple of the Lord all the articles made for Baal and Asherah and all the starry hosts” (2 Kings 23:4). Josiah also “desecrated Topheth which was in the valley of Ben Hinnom, so no-one could use it to sacrifice his son or daughter in the fire of Molech” (2 Kings 23:10).

Sacrificing children in pagan fire was so abhorrent to God that Moses was told to make it a capital offence.

But all this was reversed once again by Josiah’s son Jehoiakim, which is what caused Jeremiah to explode in righteous anger. The reason why Jehoiakim re-established the burning of babies in the valley of Ben Hinnom is probably to be found in a passing reference in 2 Kings 24:2, which says: “The Lord sent Babylonian, Aramean, Moabite and Ammonite raiders against him.” It was a common practice to buy off raiders by installing a shrine to their god, acknowledging defeat and reducing the amount of treasure that had to be given to them. The fact that Ammonite raiders are mentioned here would be a reason for re-installing a shrine to Molech.

Jeremiah was outraged: he refers to the shrine as ‘Topheth’ which in Hebrew is a pun, rhyming with the word bosheth (‘shame’) and pronounced like the verb ‘to spit’ used in Job 17:6. The Valley of Ben Hinnom certainly became a ‘valley of shame’ as Jerusalem’s refuse tip which was burning constantly. The name was later shortened to ‘Ge Hinnom’, which when translated into Aramaic and Greek becomes the Gehenna that we meet in the New Testament, as the word for hell whose fires are never extinguished.

Speechlessness

Jeremiah’s level of outrage at the burning of little children in this valley of shame had no measure. He was virtually rendered speechless; as can be seen from the words he puts into the mouth of God: “[this is] something I did not command, nor did it enter my mind.” This strange anthropomorphism is unlike any other pronouncement from Jeremiah.

It gives us another little glimpse into the life and ministry of Jeremiah and his amazing relationship with God. The words must have just tumbled out of Jeremiah’s mouth without him stopping to remember that he was speaking on behalf of the Lord God Almighty, the Creator of the Universe, who was not only omnipotent but also omniscient. It is hard to think that God would actually have said that he had been taken by surprise – that the sins of the people of Judah had actually not ever entered his mind!!

The Valley of Ben Hinnom is the Gehenna we meet in the New Testament as the word for hell whose fires are never extinguished.

Jeremiah’s use of this phrase reveals the nature of genuine, God-inspired prophecy that is expressed through our own human mind and in our human language. It is a reflection of Jeremiah’s own shock and horror, and the abhorrence of the Holy Spirit, that Jehoiakim could have sunk to such a depth of spiritual degradation and offence against the word of God. He was actually committing a crime of which God had said a perpetrator should be stoned to death. Here was the King himself bringing into the land of Judah this terrible practice of burning babies alive.

Glory Departed

It was probably at this moment that Jeremiah realised why God had told him to cease praying for the welfare of the nation - because its fate was already sealed. The holiness of the God of Israel, who had created human beings in his own image for fellowship with him, could not keep company with such detestable behaviour.

God could do no other than remove his presence from the Temple, from Jerusalem and from among the people of Judah. They would now be left to their fate which Jeremiah knew meant that the Babylonians would come and conquer the land, tearing down the walls of Jerusalem, setting fire to the King’s palace and first desecrating and then destroying the Temple. Jeremiah could already foresee what Ezekiel was later to speak about – the word ICHABOD, ‘Glory Departed’, over the Temple.

So, what is God saying to us today? He sees hundreds of live babies torn from their mother’s wombs every day, thrown into a black plastic bag and taken out of the back door of our hospitals and thrown into the incinerator – the modern equivalent of the shrine of Molech. Can we really expect God to bless a nation whose land is filled with the blood of the innocent?

This article is part of a series on the life and ministry of the Prophet Jeremiah. Click here to read previous instalments. You may also be interested in our News Page this week, which features several pro-life events coming up in September.