Genesis 2:18-25: Eve Revealed

Enduring Love (Part 1)

The Firmament of Genesis 1:6-8: A Hebraic and Contextual Exploration

Peter Sammons reviews ‘The beauty of numbers in Scripture and Creation’ by David Lambourn

European nations pay for defiance of God’s plan

As Christmas draws near, the gloomy prospects of Brexit proposals are somewhat overshadowing the bright lights of Britain.

Virtual civil war has broken out within the ranks of the political class, but there is a general blindness to the real cause of our troubles, which lies with our relationship – not with Europe – but with Israel.

Nations are trying to tamper with God’s dwelling-place on earth and are suffering serious injury as a result.

As writer and theologian Frank Booth reminded me, after Donald Trump moved the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in 2017 in recognition of the obvious, European leaders May, Macron and Merkel joined the voices raised against the decision. Look at them now!

Zechariah 12:3 says: “I will make Jerusalem an immovable rock [or heavy stone] for the nations; all who try to move it will injure [or grievously hurt] themselves.”

And Booth asks: “How can anyone who knows the slightest thing about the history of Israel deny Jerusalem as her natural historic capital?”

Signs of the Times

In the bleak midwinter, a popular carol, seems an apt description of the view ahead of us in the UK. But the hymn should also remind us of what life is really about, especially of how – 2,000 years on – we are still profoundly affected by the Christ child who came into the world to save us from our sin.

Bethlehem may have been his birthplace, but Jerusalem – just six miles away – was and is the key to the world’s future. It was there that our Lord died as the perfect sacrifice for sins, where he rose from the dead three days later, where he subsequently ascended to Heaven after appearing to more than 500 witnesses, and where he will return - probably in the very near future judging by the many signs of his coming already being fulfilled.

Nations are trying to tamper with God’s dwelling-place on earth and are suffering serious injury as a result.

The most obvious of these has been the re-birth and rise to prominence of the State of Israel, symbolised in the Bible as the fig tree (see Matthew 24:32-34). The blossoming of the fig tree has come about as a result of the return of Jews from every corner of the world to the land promised them some 4,000 years ago. All the world has witnessed this phenomenon, fulfilling an abundance of ancient prophecies (e.g. Jer 23:7f; Jer 31:16f; Ezek 36:24; Isa 43:5-7).

But as the scriptures also predicted, they would not be welcomed back to their homeland by their neighbours – hence the current upheaval in the Middle East.

So how does this affect the UK and why is this issue – and not Brexit – the source of our difficulties?

Britain’s Capitulation

Britain has been granted the inestimable privilege (by God himself and through international treaties) of facilitating Jewish repatriation. This was thanks to godly men like Wesley, Wilberforce and their evangelical successors, whose influence caused the Government of 1917, led by David Lloyd George, to issue a promise to do all it could to make this possible through what came to be known as the Balfour Declaration (signed by Foreign Secretary Lord Balfour).

Despite later reneging on this pledge and betraying the Jews – even refusing entry (to then British-controlled Palestine) to thousands of would-be immigrants trying to escape the Nazis – we at least got the ball rolling which enabled a reborn Israel to rise from the ashes of the ‘Valley of Dry Bones’ (Ezek 37) that was the Holocaust.

But as we kept caving in to Arab intimidation, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict worsened and our great empire – on which the sun never set – began systematically to fall apart in direct fulfilment of Genesis 12:3, promising blessing to those who bless the seed of Abraham and cursing to those who don’t.

In addition, Joel 3:2 guarantees judgment on the nations that have scattered his people and divided up their land. All the talk now is of a ‘two-state solution’, carving up territory designated (both by God and international treaties) as belonging to the Jews.

Jerusalem the Key

Jerusalem is the key to all this. Plans for dividing the city into east and west in order to achieve peace are actually a recipe for further bloodshed, as Israel’s enemies want all of it.¹ The last great war, the Bible says, will be over the status of Jerusalem, not Europe or the Far East.

Australia’s lukewarm attempt to please both sides of the divide by only recognising West Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, and holding off acceptance of East Jerusalem as the Palestinian capital until a two-state solution is found, will cut no ice with God, who spits such lack of commitment out of his mouth as English folk might do with tepid tea (see Rev 3:16).

Australia’s lukewarm attempt to please both sides of the divide will cut no ice with God, who spits such lack of commitment out of his mouth (Rev 3:16).

While this position might be seen as a step in the right direction, Australia’s Pentecostal Christian Prime Minister Scott Morrison should note what has happened to Britain, Germany and France since Donald Trump’s brave decision to move his embassy to Jerusalem.

Taking their cue from the politically correct secularists, May, Merkel and Macron defiantly refused to follow Trump’s example, and all three are now in grave difficulties.

Open warfare over Brexit threatens to bring further chaos to Britain including the distinct possibility of a Government led by Jeremy Corbyn, an ally of terrorist groups wishing to obliterate Israel and who shows no sign of lancing the boil of anti-Semitism within his party.

Merkel, meanwhile, has a fragile hold on power as Germans express great frustration with the problems caused by mass immigration, and deadly street riots – led by a movement reported to be grossly anti-Semitic – have erupted in Paris in protest at Macron’s ‘reforms’.

Reaping the Whirlwind

Such a triple calamity can be traced back, quite simply, to defiance of the God of Israel and of his commandments which have formed the basis of Western civilisation.

We are reaping the whirlwind of anti-Semitism and godlessness after shamefully turning our backs on the God who bought our redemption when his Son was brutally murdered in his very own city (Ps 48:1-3).

The Bible is clear that our security as nations and individuals depends on our attitude to Jesus, to the Jews and to Jerusalem (John 3:16; Gen 12:3; Ps 122:6).

References

1 See also Senior Palestinian negotiator: all of Jerusalem on table, World Israel News, 18 December 2018.

Chris Foster reviews ‘The Genesis Genealogies’ by Rev. Abraham Park (2010, re-issued posthumously 2015, Periplus Editions).

The title of this little gem of a book might make one think, at first glance, that the contents will be dry, specialist and unapproachable, but it is actually quite the opposite. Be prepared to be surprised!

Taking seriously Deuteronomy 32:7’s instruction to “Remember the days of old, consider the years of all generations,” this eye-opening book from Korean pastor-theologian Abraham Park is a step-by-step, in-depth, chronological study of all the generations listed in Genesis 1-11.

This is the first book in a five-volume ‘Redemption Book’ series, which traces God’s outworking of redemption through the course of human history and which helped to earn Rev Park an honorary doctorate from America’s Knox Theological Seminary. ‘The Genesis Genealogies’ covers the years from Adam to the Exodus.

Illuminating genealogical passages that modern readers frequently skip through or consider tedious, Rev Park’s writing is partly academic but also partly devotional. He argues that the often-ignored details of the genealogies are actually “saturated with historical and redemptive significances”, revealing things about God’s longer-term salvation plan for the whole world.

Names and their Significance

Park painstakingly explores the names listed in the genealogies, looking at their meanings in relation to that period of history and to God’s overarching covenant plan. As a result, the book is full of nuggets of interesting and illuminating information.

Thus, we find that Peleg means “division, separate, split” (p160), because it was during his time that the Tower of Babel was built and the population of the world was divided by God, their languages confused. We also discover that Peleg’s father, Eber, has a name which comes from the same root as the word ‘Hebrew’ and that it means “the one who crossed over”. What did he cross over? He crossed over the great River Euphrates, away from where the Tower of Babel was being built. Not only that, but Park has researched Eber’s life and has discovered that he established and ruled a vast kingdom called Ebla, which seems to correspond with the land promised to Abraham in Genesis 15!

Park does not confine himself only to Abraham’s line, however, but also explores ‘ungodly’ lineages proceeding from such as Cain, Ham, Ishmael and Esau, using this to talk about our own sinfulness and the biblical separation between godly and ungodly. Readers are also invited to cross over, as Eber and Abraham did, purposefully separating ourselves from sinfulness and stepping forward to wherever the Lord takes us.

Illuminating genealogical passages that modern readers frequently skip through or consider tedious, Rev Park’s writing is partly academic but also partly devotional.

A Real Eye-Opener

The book is divided into five parts and inside the cover is a clearly-set-out table showing the chronology of the Patriarchs from Adam through to Joseph, marking their births and deaths in relation to one another and to key events (particularly the Flood). Just studying this table is a real eye-opener. For instance, it’s fascinating to realise that Adam’s grandson Enosh was still alive when Noah was born, and that when Noah died, Abraham was already 58 years old.

Of course, this leads to the question of whether the whole Bible can be believed as an accurate record of human history – an issue which divides Christians today. Park clearly states (p26) that while “Everything in this world changes constantly”, “the living Word of God is eternally unchanging” and true. Moreover, Park exhorts us to pass on to our children and grandchildren the treasures to be found in the scriptures and the amazing mystery of God’s plan of salvation throughout the generations, fulfilled in Yeshua the Messiah.

The biggest weakness of the book, in my opinion, is that as well as a table of the generations, it would have been very helpful to include a map (or maps) showing where the various tribes and people groups moved and settled, to aid understanding. However, I have still learnt a huge amount from this book about themes of which, previously, I had little or no understanding, and have received new insights into the workings of God through the thousands of years that humankind has been on earth.

‘The Genesis Genealogies: God’s Administration in the History of Redemption’ (254pp, paperback) is available from Amazon for £7.13. Also available in hardback and Kindle forms.

Other titles in the Redemption Book series: The Covenant of the Torch, The Unquenchable Lamp of the Covenant, God’s Profound and Mysterious Providence and The Promise of the Eternal Covenant. Find out more about Rev Park (1928-2014) and the series by clicking here.

Paul Luckraft reviews ‘Floodgates’ by David Parsons (Whitaker House, 2018).

This is a highly significant and well-researched book on the end times and, perhaps more importantly, what is already happening around us as we head towards the coming wrath.

David Parsons is an attorney, journalist, ordained minister and Middle East specialist working for the ICEJ. In the book, he aims to identify God’s specific ‘end game’ strategy for bringing this present age to a close.

Parsons claims that the moment we enter the Tribulation will be self-evident, but what about the period leading up to it? The author sets out “to break new ground in our understanding of the prophetic Scriptures” and attempts to widen the lens “to reveal what will transpire before we reach those last seven years” (p15).

The Genesis Flood as a ‘Type’

His approach is to take the Genesis Flood as a ‘type’, and in particular, the “days of Noah” as a parallel, just as Jesus does in Matthew 24. Parsons asserts that whereas in the first global judgment God opened the water floodgates, in the end judgment it will be the fire floodgates.

Just as God opened the springs of the deep and the floodgates of the heavens (Gen 7:11), so there is fire stored up above our atmosphere and below the earth’s crust, waiting to be released to destroy the current world before the new Heaven and new Earth are created.

Parsons’ approach is to take the Genesis Flood as a ‘type’, and in particular, the “days of Noah” as a parallel, just as Jesus does in Matthew 24.

Parsons explains that biblical references to the ‘days of Noah’ point us back to the long period before the Genesis Flood during which the Ark was being built. This period – possibly as long as 120 years (based on Gen 6:3) - represents the time between God’s decision that judgment would come and the actual execution of that decision. He had made up his mind to flood the world long before he opened the floodgates. In legal terms, the verdict was in, judgement was inevitable - it was just a matter of time before the sentence was executed.

Parsons asks: what if we are already in a similar period leading up to the final floodgates of fire being opened? What would that look like?

Deconstructing Humanity

Part One of the book is taken up with considering the Flood of Noah, with chapters about the Divine Nature and proof that the biblical Flood was a real event.

There is also a very helpful discussion on the ‘forbidden union’ between angels and women which created the Nephilim (Gen 6:4). Here, the author brings clarity and certainty to a passage that is often seen as complicated and controversial. The vital conclusion is that hybrid humans could not be allowed to continue and multiply further. Mankind had gone against the natural order of God’s Creation and this, together with high levels of violence and sexual perversion, meant that humanity from that point was doomed.

Part Two, The Modern Rebellion, explores the ‘parallel plunge’ today, with chapters on the blight of violence and the sexual revolution. But the heart of this section is Parsons’ assertion that the verdict for the ‘end time’ judgment has already been given. We have passed the tipping point, identified by Parsons as the acceptance of evolution as a mainstream idea. This outright denial of God as our Creator has led to devastating consequences in all parts of human society and encouraged us to explore ourselves as a species without fear of God or his judgment.

Without being too specific regarding dates, Parsons asserts that this tipping point was not during the life of Darwin or at the time of publication of his works; rather it was the subsequent proliferation of his ideas and their embedding within human thinking and development. Once in place, they set us on a new path, from which Parsons argues there is now no turning back.

God had made up his mind to flood the world long before he opened the floodgates. In legal terms, the verdict was in, judgement was inevitable - it was just a matter of time before the sentence was executed.

Transgressing God’s Created Order

In Parsons’ view, this ‘social Darwinism’ began around 1900, with one obvious outworking being the horrors of Nazism. He writes well on this topic, which incidentally was what led him to write the book in the first place.

Interestingly, Parsons highlights two other features from the turn of the 20^th Century: the emergence of evangelical Pentecostalism and the rise of Zionism leading to the re-creation of the State of Israel. Together, these three strands are all vital in God’s end time plans. True Spirit-filled believers and the restoration of the Jewish people together form an Ark-like contrast to the majority of humanity.

We often see our times as characterised by violence and sexual perversion, and discern these as precursors of judgment, but Parsons adds an extra dimension. What is unredeemable is the belief that God is no longer a credible Creator and hence we can go our own way, transgressing his boundaries with abandon. We seek to create and fulfil our own destinies, but by playing with our God-given humanity we will lose it and final destruction will follow.

These days we have both the capacity and the desire to interfere with our species to an extent that blurs the distinctions that God has ordained. With genetic engineering, cross-breeding, sex changes and attempts to augment and enhance human bodies using technology, we can create human hybrids without input from fallen angels.

Distinctive Slant

The book has been 20 years in the writing, during which Parsons has been living and working in Jerusalem. As such, it has slowly crystallised into a comprehensive prophetic thesis about our times with a distinctive slant that is well worth thinking through. It certainly makes sense, both biblically and in terms of what is happening in the world today. If Parsons is right, the verdict has already been declared. Denying God as Creator has primed the final judgment.

We seek to create and fulfil our own destinies, but by playing with our God-given humanity we will lose it and final destruction will follow.

The book has good and full endnotes and an extensive bibliography of books, articles and websites. There is no index but this is not really a problem. Overall, a valuable book and highly commended.

‘Floodgates: Recognize the End-Time Signs to Survive the Coming Wrath’ (272pp) is available from Eden for £12.99. Also available on Amazon, including Kindle.

Parsons’ blog and website, www.floodgatesblog.com, includes updates and commentaries from the author, reviews and endorsements, videos and more background information about the book.

Paul Luckraft reviews ‘That Hideous Strength: How the West was Lost’ by Melvin Tinker (Evangelical Press, 2018).

This slim volume is an excellent resource on the state of our society in the light of the creeping revolution known as ‘cultural Marxism’.

Much is now being written on this topic but here is a book which provides an interesting take by drawing on the works of CS Lewis (hence the book’s title) and the account in Genesis 11 of the Tower of Babel.

Insights into Spiritual War

The Lewis book in question, ‘That Hideous Strength’ (1945), is the third in a fictional space trilogy and in some ways itself follows on from a talk Lewis gave called The Abolition of Man (1943). It is helpful to have read these or at least be aware of them, but it is not essential as Tinker explains the connections clearly throughout his book.

The author believes that Lewis’s novel and the Babel story in Genesis provide “penetrating insights into the spiritual warfare which rages today in the West” (p20).

From this standpoint Tinker explores the ideology of cultural Marxism, describing it as “the machine which drives much of the political correctness which is stifling free thought and speech in our society today, as well as providing the philosophical matrix of much of the gender agenda” (p20).

This slim volume is an excellent resource on the state of our society in the light of the creeping revolution known as ‘cultural Marxism’.

Here is ‘that hideous strength’ of our day - no longer fictional but a reality of the manifestation of the principalities and powers seeking to dethrone God and destroy man. The Babel account adds to our understanding by providing one of the earliest expressions of a similar rebellion and arrogance. Here is “a parabolic lens through which we can view and come to understand what has been happening in our society” (p34).

Dethroning God, Destroying Man

Aided by both these works, Tinker shows how an intellectual elite of ideologues is capable of changing what great swathes of the population consider to be ‘common sense’, thus determining which views are permissible, which are outdated and which are dangerous.

Alongside this ability to reshape thinking is the promotion of the representation of the self as the ‘be all and end all’ of human existence. This thoroughly egocentric understanding is projected as reality, setting up the exciting possibility of Man’s power to make of himself what he pleases.

This anti-God rebellion ultimately destroys Man as he was originally created - namely, in the image of God.

Bringing Down Judeo-Christian Society

The first two chapters take us through the Lewis novel and the Babel account as preparation for the heart of Tinker’s book. The third chapter begins the discussion of cultural Marxism as a modern variant of what we find in these earlier works.

Cultural Marxism seeks to ‘liberate’ humanity from the social institutions that have ‘enslaved’ it, such as the family and the Church. Traditional social values have, so the theory goes, promoted repression through inequalities which in turn have prevented the individual from realising his true self and expressing his true desires. He now can achieve full autonomy and be anything he wants to be. He has no need of any reference to God.

Tinker explains the thinking and writings of Herbert Marcuse and Antonio Gramsci, who were at the forefront of this movement, and the later Frankfurt School and Critical Theory, the goal of which is to bring down Judeo-Christian society and culture through unremitting destructive criticism. Mention is also made of Theodor Adorno, who established that anyone who disagrees with this new movement can legitimately be labelled ‘fascist’.

Cultural Marxism is today’s manifestation of the principalities and powers seeking to dethrone God and destroy man.

Such early 20^th Century advocates of cultural Marxism knew they were in for the long haul. Changing society that radically would take time, but the ‘long march’ over 75 years is at last reaching its destination.

Christianity is now seen as implausible and easily ignored, or worse, bigoted and oppressive. Old truths are now declared non-truths, subject to state censorship because they are considered offensive or intolerant. Here is a totalitarianism that masquerades as freedom.

Preaching Christ and the Cross

In Chapter 4 Tinker explores gender issues, revealing the programme undertaken to change societal views and penalise disagreement. It is devastating to see what has happened and what this means for our future. Throwing off all traditional values and sexual restraints has led to a ‘polymorphous perversity’. The power of hormones has triumphed!

In the next chapter he shows how the gates have been breached within the Church. In particular, the cultural Marxist agenda is now embedded within the organisational structure of the Church of England which has become an insipid and derivative mouthpiece for modernism.

Thankfully, the final chapter offers some hope for ‘Bringing Down Babel’. Although this is ultimately for God to do, declaring the duality of Christ’s person (human and divine) is the best way to counter cultural Marxism, Tinker argues. We can still preach Christ and the Cross. But will we speak out or run and hide?

Overall this book is a worthwhile contribution to the growing and necessary discussion of this important issue.

‘That Hideous Strength’ (128pp, paperback) is available from the publisher for £6.99. Also available elsewhere online.

Readers may also be interested in Steve Maltz’s recent book on cultural Marxism, ‘Into the Lions’ Den’, which we reviewed here, as well as the upcoming Foundations 10 conference on the same theme.

...and does it matter? Part 2 of 3.

Editorial introduction: Following his opening article last week on scientific evidence for a Creator, Paul Garner looks at three more theological problems presented by an ‘old Earth’ model of history.

4. Thorns and Thistles Before Sin

An ‘old Earth’ model forces us to accept that ‘thorns and thistles’ have been around for hundreds of millions of years, long before humans appeared or sin entered the world.

The biblical term ‘thorns and thistles’, used in Genesis 3:18, seems to be a ‘catch-all’ that embraces all plants with thorns, spines and prickles.¹ Botanically speaking, these terms have different meanings. Thorns are derived from shoots and spines from leaves or some part of a leaf. Both contain plant vascular tissue. Prickles are derived from the outer epidermis of the plant and do not contain vascular tissue. Plants with these features are known in the fossil record at least as far back as the Lower Devonian Period, conventionally 419-393 million years ago.

Lower Devonian examples include the spiny species Psilophyton princeps,² Drepanophycus spinaeformis³ and Sawdonia ornata⁴. Spiny cacti⁵ and prickly roses^6,7 date back to the Eocene Epoch, conventionally 56-34 million years ago. But the existence of these plants long before there were humans runs counter to the biblical claim that thorns and thistles were brought forth only as a result of human sin.

Genesis 3:17-18 tells us that the ground was cursed because of Adam’s sin, and that his life subsequently became one of sweat, sorrow, hardship and toil. From that time, thorns and thistles have been a constant reminder of the curse that God pronounced.

Thorns before sin...or as a result of sin?The connection between thorns and thistles and human sin is illustrated most graphically in the crown of thorns that adorned Christ at his crucifixion, as he bore the curse in our place (Matt 27:29; Mark 15:17; John 19:2, 5). But how can thorns and thistles symbolise the effects of the curse if they were around for hundreds of millions of years before Adam sinned, and were a normal part of the world that God described as “very good” (Gen 1:31)?

5. No Adam and Eve Ancestral to All Humans

Fifth, we would have to accept that there was no first human couple, and that humans were not all descended from Adam and Eve.

Modern humans have a fossil record that can be traced back a very long way - according to conventional dating methods. The first modern humans are thought to have appeared in Africa around 300,000-200,000 years ago.^8,9 Some of their descendants are thought to have migrated out of Africa as early as 177,000 years ago,¹⁰ followed by a more lasting dispersal event beginning about 74,000 years ago.¹¹ Modern humans then spread along the southern coastline of Asia, reaching Australia by about 65,000 years ago,¹² Europe by about 45,000-40,000 years ago^13,14 and the Americas by about 24,000 years ago.¹⁵

So even if we consider only members of our own species (Homo sapiens), there is no way that all humans alive today could be descended from one man unless Adam lived at least 300,000-200,000 years ago.¹⁶ This is problematic, given that a straightforward reading of the biblical genealogies (e.g. Gen 5:1-32, 11:10-32) indicates that Adam lived about 6,000 years ago.¹⁷

How can thorns and thistles symbolise the effects of the curse if they were around for hundreds of millions of years before Adam sinned, as a normal part of God’s ‘very good’ world?

Even if the genealogies are incomplete, as some argue, the amount of time that can be inserted into them is extremely limited. Since the fathers listed in Genesis 11 had their sons at age 35 or less, about 300 missing generations would be needed to add even 10,000 years to the chronology.

To extend the date of Adam’s creation back to 200,000 years we would have to insert 6,000 missing generations – clearly an absurdity in genealogies that together contain only 20 generations! And the problem gets worse if we consider earlier members of our genus to be descendants of Adam too. Homo ergaster and Homo erectus have a fossil record going back almost two million years!¹⁸

An alternative is to locate Adam much more recently in history, say less than 20,000 years ago. This is more in line with the biblical genealogies, but it would mean that Adam could not be the ancestor of most people living today, for the simple reason that humanity was already widely dispersed across the globe by that time. This runs counter to the biblical claim that Adam was the first man (1 Cor 15:47), Eve the mother of all living (Gen 3:20) and that all humans that have ever lived arose from this one, primordial couple (e.g. Acts 17:26).

It also raises disturbing questions about the spiritual status of the Homo sapiens that lived before Adam. Did they bear the image of God, or were they animals? And what about the people alive today that are descended from those other Homo sapiens, and not from Adam? If Adam was not the first man, but only one among many, the implications are startling and far-reaching.¹⁹

6. No Worldwide Flood

Sixth, we would have to accept that there was no worldwide flood within human history.

Lifesize ark built to Noah's specifications (Kentucky, USA).

Assuming the standard geological time-scale, most of the sedimentary rocks, with their enclosed fossils, were deposited in the hundreds of millions of years before humans made their first appearance. It logically follows from this premise that these sediments could not be the product of a global flood within human history.

Furthermore, the sediments that were formed since the first appearance of humans in the fossil record show no signs of having been deposited in a global flood. They mostly represent the deposits of ‘normal’ environments such as lakes, rivers and shallow oceans.²⁰ Thus, there is no place in the standard chronology for a global flood. In fact, even a geographically local but anthropologically universal flood cannot be accommodated unless the Flood was a very long time ago, since we have already noted how widely distributed humans have been for many tens of thousands of years according to conventional dating.

The biblical genealogies do not allow us to place Noah so far back in history, and in any case the idea of a local flood runs counter to the many lines of biblical evidence that point to a global flood.²¹ Others have suggested that the Flood may indeed have been global, but that it left no trace in the geological record. But a geologically ‘tranquil’ global flood is a contradiction in terms, and there is no evidence in the fossil record that human populations were ever wiped out by such an event.

The biblical claim is that Adam was the first man (1 Cor 15:47), Eve the mother of all living (Gen 3:20) and that all humans that have ever lived arose from this one, primordial couple.

Was the Original Creation “Very Good”?

Big questions confront us as we consider the logical consequences of embracing the old-Earth chronology. Perhaps the biggest is whether a world replete with death, agony, sickness and disease for hundreds of millions of years is compatible with the biblical description of a world that was “very good” in the beginning. If physical death was not the consequence of human sin but a normal part of the world from the outset, then what are the implications for our theology of Christ’s atonement and bodily resurrection?

Some may be tempted to say that the ‘death’ attributed in the Bible to Adam’s sin refers only to ‘spiritual’ death. But if that were the case, why was it necessary for Christ to suffer and die physically in order to save us?^22,23 Others will perhaps say that the death and suffering of animals for millions of years before the first appearance of humans is of no theological consequence because the death brought by Adam’s sin applied only to humans. But this is to downplay what the Bible says about animal suffering and death, which is connected to human sin in many passages.²⁴ And problems remain even if we consider only human death and suffering.

Consider Neanderthals, for instance. Neanderthals, whose fossil remains are conventionally dated to 250,000-40,000 years ago, are known to have suffered from bone fractures,²⁵ arthritis,²⁶ dental abscesses,²⁷ infectious diseases²⁸ and abnormalities arising from malnutrition.^29,30 One Neanderthal individual appears to have sustained crush injuries and head trauma, perhaps from a rock fall; he was probably also blinded in his left eye.³¹ Another shows evidence of widespread degenerative joint disease, as well as a rib fracture and loss of teeth.³²

Stringer and Gamble write that “evidence of injury or disease in some form or another is found in almost all reasonably complete adult Neanderthals.”³³ Are these Neanderthals descendants of Adam, suffering the effects of the Fall? If so, Adam must have lived a very long time ago - much further back than even the most generous interpretation of the biblical genealogies would allow. But if these Neanderthals lived before Adam, what are we to make of their cultural continuity with modern humans? Neanderthals are known to have manufactured stone tools and bone implements,³⁴ worn jewellery^35,36,37 and buried their dead.³⁸ In fact, genome sequencing has revealed that Neanderthals and modern humans interbred with one another.³⁹ Most modern Europeans and Asians have some Neanderthal genes – are Europeans and Asians the offspring of bestiality?

It is also important to note that all these problems apply as much to the old-Earth creationist model as to the theistic evolution model (both defined last week). If we accept the standard geological time-scale, we must abandon much well-established biblical theology.

Conclusion: Only the Young-Earth Model Explains the Data

It seems to me that we can only make sense of both the biblical and the scientific data if we are ready to question the standard time-scale and embrace the shorter chronology proposed by the young-Earth model. According to young-Earth creationism, the world was created in six days about 6,000 years ago.

From this perspective, the fossil record is a witness to the thousands of years of biblical history, not to the hundreds of millions of years of the old-Earth model. In fact, in the young-Earth model much of the fossil record is considered to have formed during the worldwide Flood in the days of Noah.⁴⁰

Is a world replete with death, agony, sickness and disease for hundreds of millions of years compatible with the biblical description of a world that was “very good” in the beginning?

The death, agony, sickness and disease evidenced in the fossil record is thus a snapshot of what the world was like at the time of that global judgment, not what it was like at the time of Creation. And the fossil record of humans is telling us a story not about human origins but rather about the patterns of human migration and dispersal after the Flood.⁴¹ In other words, in young-Earth creationism it is not our theology of the goodness of Creation or the atonement that we must re-think, but our scientific interpretations - specifically our understanding of the geological record and its millions-of-years time-scale.

Undoubtedly this is a radical proposal, one that requires many aspects of Earth history to be carefully re-considered. In fact, it is so radical it raises an obvious and pressing question: is such a wholesale re-envisioning of Earth history scientifically viable? Is it really credible to contemplate an Earth history spanning only thousands, rather than millions of years? What about the ‘mountains of evidence’ said to favour an old Earth? These are very good questions and I shall seek to address them in my next article.

References

1 Catchpoole, D, 2012. A thorny issue. Creation, 34(3):52-55.

2 Lang, WH, 1931. On the spines, sporangia, and spores of Psilophyton princeps, Dawson, shown in specimens from Gaspé. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 219:421-442.

3 Rayner, RJ, 1984. New finds of Drepanophycus spinaeformis Göppert from the Lower Devonian of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 75:353-363.

4 Rayner, RJ, 1983. New observations on Sawdonia ornata from Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 74:79-93.

5 Chaney, RW, 1944. A fossil cactus from the Eocene of Utah. American Journal of Botany, 31:507-528.

6 Becker, HF, 1963. The fossil record of the genus Rosa. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 90:99-110.

7 DeVore, ML and KB Pigg, 2007. A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 266:45-57.

8 Hublin, JJ, Ben-Ncer, A, Bailey, SE, et al, 2017. New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature, 546:289-292.

9 Richter, D, Grün, R, Joannes-Boyau, R, et al, 2017. The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature, 546:293-296.

10 Hershkovitz, I, Weber, GW, Quam, R, et al, 2018. The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science, 359:456-459.

11 Appenzeller, T, 2012. Eastern odyssey. Nature, 482:24-26.

12 Clarkson, C, Jacobs, Z, Marwick, B, et al, 2017. Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago. Nature, 547:306-310.

13 Higham, T, Compton, T, Stringer, C, et al, 2011. The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe. Nature, 479:521-524.

14 Benazzi, S, Douka, K, Fornai, C, et al, 2011. Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behavior. Nature, 479:525-528.

15 Bourgeon, L, Burke, A and Higham, T, 2017. Earliest human presence in North America dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: new radiocarbon dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLoS ONE, 12(1):e0169486.

16 And even then, it is claimed based on studies of modern genetic diversity that the ancestral population size of Homo sapiens cannot have been lower than about 10,000 individuals. See Venema, D, 2010. Genesis and the genome: genomics evidence for human-ape common ancestry and ancestral hominid population sizes. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 62:166-178.

17 Garner, P, 2009. The New Creationism: Building Scientific Theories on a Biblical Foundation. Evangelical Press, Darlington, pp66-70.

18 Wood, B, 2005. Human Evolution: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp84-93.

19 Lloyd, S, 2017. Chronological creationism. Foundations, 72:76-99.

20 For example, in England and Wales, deposits assigned to the Pleistocene (conventionally dated from 2.58 million years ago to 11,700 years ago) include scattered outcrops of glacial and interglacial sediments and cave deposits. See Boulton, GS, 1992. Quaternary, pp413-444 in Duff, PMD and Smith, AJ (eds), Geology of England and Wales. The Geological Society, London.

21 Lloyd SJ, 2014. Flood theology: why does Noah's flood matter? Origins, 59: 4-8.

22 Lloyd, S, 2009. Christian theology and Neo-Darwinism are incompatible: an argument from the resurrection, pp1-29 in Finlay, G, Lloyd, S, Pattemore, S and Swift, D, Debating Darwin. Two Debates: Is Darwinism True & Does it Matter? Paternoster, Milton Keynes.

23 Lloyd, see ref. 19, pp86-89.

24 As we have already noted, this connection is evident in the Flood account but is seen also in the Passover narrative (Ex 12:12, 29) and in the fate of the animals in Nineveh (Jon 3:7-8, 4:11), as well as many other passages. It also provides the basis for the Old Testament sacrificial system.

25 Berger, TD and Trinkaus, E, 1995. Patterns of trauma among Neandertals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22:841-852.

26 Dawson, JE and Trinkaus, E, 1997. Vertebral osteoarthritis of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Neanderthal. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24:1015-1021.

27 Brothwell, DR, 1959. Teeth in earlier human populations. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 18:59-65.

28 Fennell, KJ and Trinkaus, E, 1997. Bilateral femoral and tibial periostitis in the La Ferrassie 1 Neanderthal. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24:985-995.

29 Guatelli-Steinberg, D, Larsen, CS and Hutchinson, DL, 2004. Prevalence and the duration of linear enamel hypoplasia: a comparative study of Neandertals and Inuit foragers. Journal of Human Evolution, 47:65-84.

30 Barrett, CK, Guatelli-Steinberg, D and Sciulli, PW, 2012. Revisiting dental fluctuating asymmetry in Neandertals and modern humans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149:193-204.

31 Trinkaus. E, 1983. The Shanidar Neandertals. Academic Press, New York.

32 Stringer, C and Gamble, C, 1994. In Search of the Neanderthals. Thames and Hudson, p95.

33 Stringer and Gamble, see ref. 32, p94.

34 Hayden, B, 1993. The cultural capacities of Neandertals: a review and re-evaluation. Journal of Human Evolution, 24:113-146.

35 Radovčić, D, Sršen, AO, Radovčić, J and Frayer, DW, 2015. Evidence for Neandertal jewelry: modified white-tailed eagle claws at Krapina. PLoS ONE, 10(3):e0119802.

36 Finlayson, C, Brown, K, Blasco, R, et al, 2012. Birds of a feather: Neanderthal exploitation of raptors and corvids. PLoS ONE, 7(9):e45927.

37 Welker, F, Hajdinjak, M, Talamo, S, et al, 2016. Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 113:11162-11167.

38 Hayden, see ref. 34.

39 Pääbo, S, 2014. Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes. Basic Books, New York, pp185-195.

40 Garner, see ref. 17, pp194-208.

41 Garner, see ref. 17, pp226-238.

Paul Luckraft reviews ‘Wonders of Creation’ by Stuart Burgess, Andy McIntosh and Brian Edwards (Day One Publications, 2017)

This is an excellent and attractive production which combines hundreds of magnificent colour photos and diagrams with a clear explanatory text full of fascinating details.

On page after page we are shown the many incredible complexities of the world around us which point to the creative power and design of Almighty God. Across a multiplicity of topics, we gain not only a wealth of information but also a sense of awe at the amazing designs that our Creator has placed into his (and our) world.

Beauty and Functionality

The opening section covers land mammals – including the horse, kangaroo and sheep as well as man’s best friend, the dog (including information about how it smells!). Other groups within the animal kingdom (sea creatures, birds, insects) are equally well-documented, including the remarkable capability of birds to fly and whales to sing.

Leaving Earth for a while, we are taken into the mysterious realms of the other planets and stars. This section is full of useful information that is perhaps not usually known and adds to the sense of reverence and inspiration that the book as a whole induces.

Back in our own world we examine the beauty of flowers and trees, and learn about why certain colours are prominent and how birds manage to sing in the wonderful ways that they do (including in harmony). The next section, on mathematics and music, continues to fascinate - not just because of the patterns they display, which speak of the Lord - but also because of the ability of our brains, which he made, to enable us to understand and appreciate such things. Even if we are not particularly mathematical we can agree that the “Beauty and elegance in mathematics reflects the very wisdom of God” (p151).

Across a multiplicity of topics, we gain a wealth of information and a sense of awe our Creator’s amazing designs.

The sections on the human body and how it functions may contain familiar material, but this is also well-explained, and some of the facts and figures are quite startling. Clearly we are fearfully and wonderfully made.

The book also talks of other aspects of the natural world, rocks and minerals, fossils, dinosaurs and radioactive dating.

Inspiration to Gratitude

We are then told there is no doubt that everything we have been considering was created in six literal days and that the account in Genesis is definitely “history and not poetry” (p202). It is perhaps rather unnecessary to the aim of the book to insist on this, which seems like an intrusion especially as there is no discussion as to what ‘literal’ means in this context. There is also the unfortunate implication that anyone who thinks the time periods involved might not be exactly 24 hours each are classified as evolutionists.

Nevertheless, these few pages should not spoil the enjoyment of a book which is a convincing tour de force. It glorifies God on every page and should make us look around with more gratitude than ever. It should inspire us to say a big ‘thank you’ to God, not just once but several times each day.

A convincing tour de force that glorifies God on every page.

It is also a book that can be shared with friends, whether believers in Creation or not. The facts it contains will help with sharing and witnessing, and as a ‘coffee table’ book it could well spark conversations you might otherwise not have. As the subtitle ‘Design in a fallen world’ suggests, the authors do not shirk from saying that this world with all its brokenness and suffering is no longer the world that God originally intended. They do not hesitate to mention the Fall and salvation in Jesus, which brings the book to a satisfying conclusion.

Highly commended.

‘Wonders of Creation’ (216pp, hardback) is available from the publisher for £25. Also available elsewhere online with discounts for bulk buys.