The acts of violence – real and threatened – that make Islam disturbingly unique among the world's major religions

Lessons from the life of Moses.

In the eighth part of our series, Fred Wright considers the lessons we can learn from the life of Moses.

Although in Christianity Moses is generally considered as a non-writing prophet, in some Judaic circles he is credited, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, with the reception and transmission of the Torah. This includes the pre-historical sections, which he received by divine revelation. Both the external and internal evidence of the texts illustrate that Moses was accredited with these writings from the earliest of times.

Moses is considered to be the greatest of the prophets and a model for those who came later. He also pre-figured the Messiah. In Second Temple Judaism, the messianic hope was in one who would be the true prophet that Moses had spoken of (see Deut 18:18, cf. Acts 10:43). Paul often referred to the whole of the Torah as 'Moses’ (2 Cor 3:15).

The Call of Moses

Moses presents a clear picture of the prophet as an intercessor. He illustrates an intimacy with the Lord which is second only to that of Jesus.

Moses was a Levite who could trace his lineage back to Levi through Amram (Ex 6:16f). After fleeing the Egyptian court (Ex 2:15f), he dwelt in the land of the Kenites, marrying into the family of the priest Reuel/Jethro. The Kenites were a people who could also trace their descent back to Abraham (Gen 25:1-6). One can therefore assume that their religion was a continuation of pre-Egyptian Yahwism.

Moses is considered to be the greatest of the prophets and a model for those who came later.

It was during this period, while tending his father-in-law's flocks in the vast wilderness of Midian, that Moses began to develop an intimacy with God. God appeared to him in a burning bush (Ex 3:6) and revealed that he was the God of the Patriarchs and not simply the God of the Kenites.

Furthermore, he had not forgotten his people despite their slavery and wanted Moses to be the instrument of their deliverance. Moses’ initial reaction to this was one of awe quickly followed by procrastination — no doubt due to the enormity of the task that had been placed before him.

Although the Lord gave him miraculous signs to perform, Moses was concerned about not being properly equipped to present his case before the ruler of Egypt. So God commissioned his brother, Aaron the Levite, to speak on his behalf. This reminds us that although an intercessor may be called to be an instrument in one area, the Lord may use another to augment, enhance or present the fruit of their intercessory labours.

The Honour of the Name

Having received his commission, Moses was sent forth in the authority of the Holy Name which had been declared to him (Ex 3:14f). The commissioning of Moses clearly illustrates that his mission was to be undertaken in the name and power of the Lord. In the ancient Near East, possession of a holy name was believed to be a token of power. It was thought that the utterance of that name would bring forth the spirit known by that name. This spirit could then be manipulated or worked alongside. This explains the Lord's enigmatic reply to Moses.

Moses illustrates an intimacy with the Lord which is second only to that of Jesus.

Today, it is sad to observe that the names of the Lord and, particularly, the name of the Messiah — Jesus — are often regarded as words of power. They are recited as a mantra, rather than the objects of devotion and as the expression of a relationship (Ps 9:10).

The degree to which Moses understood the honour of the Name was clearly illustrated whenever Israel lapsed into idolatry. Moses' intercession, at those times, was that God would refrain from destroying his people for the sake of the honour of his Name (for example, see Num 14:5-19, cf. Ezek 36).

An interesting aside is that on one occasion the Lord stated that he knew Moses' name. Today that may seem a little trite and obvious, but at the time names were more than a simple label of identification. They were either titles of honour or descriptions of character. The comment about the Lord knowing Moses’ name simply means that God knew Moses' character. We might well ask the question today: as well as knowing God personally, are we prepared for God to know us?

A Model Intercessor

Faith was the driving force in Moses’ life (see Heb 11:23-29). It was through his faith that Moses gained the increasing certainty and confidence he needed to build his relationship with the Lord.

Moses was familiar with apparent failure. His initial approach to his people fell upon deaf ears, due to their broken spirit and cruel slavery (Ex 6:9). Meanwhile, his words were treated with disdain by Pharaoh.

Moses’ family were not the strength he could have hoped for. The people’s apostasy to the golden calf involved Aaron (Ex 32:1), while both Aaron and Miriam rebelled against Moses’ authority because of his marriage to an Ethiopian (Num 12:1). In the midst of all his tribulations Moses received wonderful strengthening from the Lord. The challenges and setbacks were all attended by reassurances from the Lord of his person and character, together with assurances about the future.

In the midst of all his tribulations Moses received wonderful strengthening from the Lord.

Throughout the wilderness wanderings Moses was the only one qualified to intercede for Israel because he was the only one who was not involved in the sin of idolatry. Moses’ concern for his people was so great that he put all thoughts of personal glory aside (Ex 32:32, cf. Phil 2). In particular, he was willing to forfeit his life (cf. Paul in Romans 9:3) and did not consider personal gratification above the good of the nation (Deut 9:14).

Knowing God’s Character

Moses showed his skills of advocacy (Ex 32:11-15) by praying God’s promises back to him. Whenever he faced rebellion against either his spiritual leadership (Num 14:3) or his secular authority (Num 16:41-50), he appealed to the Lord’s honour (Name).

In response to the calamity brought about by a later revolt, the people began to realise that the one who had a personal relationship with God and kept their faith intact was the one who had authority to enter into the presence of the Lord to intercede on their behalf. This is a penetrating truth for the leadership of today who get discouraged in their standing for truth. He who prevails will overcome.

Such prayer requires an intimate knowledge of the character of God. For Moses, this knowledge came from both regular and extended times spent in his presence (Ex 33:7-11). On one occasion, Moses spent 40 days and 40 nights alone with the Lord on top of a mountain. It was during this time that he received the tablets of the Law (Ten Commandments) and the instructions for building the Tabernacle (Ex 24:12-18).

Moses knew God personally and had the distinction of being referred to as God’s friend. He was a person with whom God communicated ‘face to face’ (Ex 33:11), whereas others only knew of him (his acts).

If you know God’s character, then you should not fear for the future. Fear is a manifestation of unbelief which implies no knowledge of the character of God. God keeps his promises and never lies (Num 23:19). Irrational fear is an idol, since the fear has more influence than God’s ability to deliver.

Moses knew God personally and had the distinction of being referred to as God’s friend.

The intercessor needs to develop a personal relationship with God. Moses knew God’s character - therefore he could pray back to the Lord his own promises. A further example of this type of intercession is found in Isaiah, where the Prophet calls upon the reader to remind the Lord of his promises concerning Jerusalem (Isa 62:6-7).

Anyone who aspires to be an intercessor should attempt to develop such a relationship with God. God’s character will be discovered as one studies the Bible and spends time in his presence.

A Warning from the Life of Moses

The record of Moses’ ministry ends on a sad but apposite note. Intimacy, if one is not careful, can lead to a degree of unacceptable familiarity. When the people were camped at Rephidim, they complained about their condition because of their lack of water. They were even ready to stone Moses. Moses called out to the Lord and was commanded to strike a rock in the presence of the elders. He was to use the rod that had parted the Red Sea. This action would bring forth water (Ex 17:1-7).

Later, at Kadesh Barnea, when the people were again complaining that there was no water (Num 20:3), Moses appealed to the Lord. On this occasion, he was instructed to speak to the rock. While it is not our place to judge Moses, it seems that he committed two cardinal errors in the way that he dealt with this problem.

First, along with Aaron, he took the place of God by declaring: “Listen, you rebels, must we bring you water out of this rock?” (emphasis added). Secondly, he recalled the former incident and relied on his previous experience by choosing to strike the rock, rather than speak to it. The result was that neither he nor Aaron was allowed to enter the Promised Land (Num 20:9-13). This is a salutary lesson for us to take God’s instructions seriously!

True prophets are those who have been set on fire by the Spirit of God.

When God began to reveal himself to Moses he chose to do so in flames of fire enveloping a bush. As Moses came upon the scene he was puzzled to see that, although the bush was on fire, it did not burn up. So he decided to look into the matter more closely. When the Lord saw that he had gone over to investigate, God called to him from within the bush.

What do we learn from this encounter about the nature of the God we worship, and what have today's prophets to learn from the fact that the God they proclaim is a consuming fire? (Ex 3:1-6).

Lessons at the Burning Bush

Moses was mystified to observe that, although the bush was obviously on fire, it was not consumed. This showed him that Yahweh, the God who had chosen to reveal himself to Moses, was completely self-sufficient. The flames needed no fuel. This God needed no help from anyone else. He was self-perpetuating. Therefore, he could be trusted absolutely.

Another lesson was that mortal man must not approach Yahweh. For God had said to Moses, "Do not come any closer...Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground". Moses had become aware that he was in fact being confronted by none other than God himself. "For Moses hid his face, because he was afraid to look at God" (Ex 3:6).

The burning bush that was not consumed shows that God is completely self-sufficient and needs no help from anyone else – and therefore he can be trusted absolutely.

God subsequently told Moses that he was aware of the suffering of his people at the hands of their Egyptian overseers, and that he had come down to rescue them (Ex 3:7-8). By the conclusion of this encounter, Moses knew that God was totally self-sufficient, and that he was holy and must not be approached by sinful man. But he also knew that God cared about his people Israel and intended to rescue them from their Egyptian slavery in fulfilment of his covenant relationship with their fathers (Ex 3:6).

Other Revelations of God by Fire

The first incident in which God appears in fire comes at the end of the story of the fall of man, when God had to banish Adam and Eve from the garden of Eden and placed "cherubim and a flaming sword flashing back and forth to guard the way to the tree of life" (Gen 3:24). The Garden of Eden was closed to man because of his sin, and the flaming sword disclosed the wrath of a holy God on all who, like Adam, are disobedient.

However, the method of navigation in darkness which God gave to his pilgrim people reveals the beneficial use of fire. "By day the Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to guide them on their way and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel by day or night" (Ex 13:31). The same God who had banned them from Eden now took his place at the head of their wandering tribes to lead them by the pillar of fire until they reached their promised land.

The same God who banned his people from Eden with a flaming sword took his place at their head in Exodus, leading them by fire to the Promised Land.

Offerings Made by Fire

The Levitical offerings which prefigure the saving work of Christ and enable us to understand the way of salvation are listed in the book of Leviticus chapters 1 to 7, and it contains one phrase which repeats over 40 times. The offerings were made to the Lord "by fire" (Lev 2:3).

This fire, which was kindled by God himself, was never to be allowed to die. "The fire must be kept burning on the altar continuously; it must not go out" (Lev 6:13). We are told that this "fire came out from the presence of the Lord and consumed the burnt offering, whereupon the people shouted for joy and fell face down" (Lev 9:24). The two sons of Aaron the high priest, Nadab and Abihu, dared to offer unauthorised fire on God's altar, and perished for their presumption (Lev 10:1-2).

Charles Wesley had the right attitude to the place of sacred fire in our reverence and esteem when he wrote, "O thou who camest from above the pure celestial fire to impart, kindle a flame of sacred love on the mean altar of my heart. There let it for thy glory burn with inextinguishable blaze".

In Leviticus we read about the sacred altar fire, kindled by God himself, which shows that he demands reverence and esteem.

Commandments Through the Fire

It was through the medium of fire, Moses told the people, that God spoke his commandments. Communication of the Law in this manner must have impressed Moses, for he refers to it at least nine times in the book of Deuteronomy:

Then the Lord spoke to you out of the fire. You heard the sound of words but saw no form; there was only a voice. He declared to you his covenant, the ten commandments which he commanded you to follow. (Deut 4:12-13)

The impression it had on Moses can be judged by his challenge to the people, "Has any other people heard the voice of God speaking out of fire, as you have and lived?" (Deut 4:33).

Proof by Fire

Centuries later the prophet Elijah brought a challenge to the prophets of Baal with the proclamation, "You call on the name of your god and I will call on the name of the Lord. The God who answers by fire - he is God!" (1 Ki 18:24). After hours of fruitless praying and screaming to their god, and at the time of the evening sacrifice, Elijah stepped forward and quietly asked that God would vindicate his confidence and act. "Then the fire of the Lord fell...When all the people saw this, they fell prostrate and cried, 'The Lord - he is God. The Lord - he is God!'" (1 Ki 18:38-39).

Two Words for 'Burning'

There are at least nine words in the Hebrew Bible which can be translated 'burn', five of which occur only two or three times. One word, alah, means 'to ascend', but the other two are interesting because of the way in which they are used. The word qatar is reserved for those offerings, whether of incense or of sacrificial animals, the smells of which ascend to God as a pleasant aroma. On the other hand, the term saraph is reserved for destructive burning.

It is important to note this distinction, for the Bible throughout is careful to differentiate between the fire of God that destroys and the fire that blesses. Amos says, "This is what the Sovereign Lord showed: The Sovereign Lord was calling for judgment by fire" (Amos 7:4). On the other hand, according to the prophet Zechariah, "Jerusalem will be a city without walls...I myself will be a wall of fire around it", declares the Lord" (Zech 2:4-5).

The different Hebrew words translated as 'burn' distinguish between the fire of God that destroys and the fire that blesses.

So the God of the Bible who is revealed to us in contrasting ways is both the consuming fire of Deuteronomy 4:24 and Hebrews 12:29 and the refining fire of Malachi 3:3-4 that purifies us until we are like gold and silver.

The Burning Heart of the Prophet

In the prophecy of Jeremiah, we have three examples of how the prophet reacted to his particular situation.

1. "Therefore this is what the Lord God almighty says: 'Because the people have spoken these words, I will make my words in your mouth a fire and these people the wood it consumes.'" These people had been saying that Jeremiah and other prophets were wind-bags (Jer 5:13) and that, despite their rebellious spirit, "no harm will come to us" (Jer 5:12). But God promises that he will make their words disappear like a pile of dry sticks when they are set alight.
2. "But if I say, 'I will not mention him or speak any more in his name. His word is in my heart like a fire, a fire shut up in my bones...'" Jeremiah had decided that he could no longer serve as a prophet. He is not thrilled with the message God has given him, and bares his heart as he tells that the flame burning in his heart compels him to carry on despite all the problems (Jer 20:9).
3. "'Is not my word like fire', declares the Lord, 'and like a hammer that breaks the rock in pieces?'" (Jer 23:29). In contrast with the false prophets and their powerless words, God's truth is like fire and like a hammer. It is both penetrating and purifying, and so should encourage all who have experienced frustration and pointlessness to begin again with new confidence in the fire of God's presence with them. Jeremiah's experience is beautifully expressed in the words of Psalm 39:2-3: "when I was silent and still, not even saying anything good, my anguish increased. My heart grew hot within me, and as I meditated, the fire burned; then I spoke with my tongue."

To Jeremiah, God's word was like a fire burning in his heart and mouth, powerful and compelling.

His Servants Like Flames of Fire

These words from Psalm 104:4 indicate what God wants his servants to be. He wants them to blaze. This is why part of the experience of Pentecost is that of being completely immersed in the fire of God (Matt 3:11). On the day of Pentecost, the Spirit of God came upon the disciples, and the visual manifestations that accompanied his presence were tongues of fire.

We can therefore conclude that a true prophet is someone who has been set on fire by the Spirit of God. He is one who has made a complete offering of himself to God, one who not only proclaims the fire of God's love but also reverences the God who is a consuming fire. He is one whose heart has been strangely warmed, and who can keep on speaking even when this makes him unpopular and unacceptable with the false prophets who are content to prophesy only what people want to hear (Jer 23: 16-18).

Seeing God as Fire

The prophet Ezekiel writes, "While I was among the exiles by the Kebar River, the heavens were opened and I saw visions of God. I looked and saw an immense cloud with flashing lightning and surrounded by brilliant light. The centre of the fire looked like glowing metal..." (Ezek 1:1, 1:4). Ezekiel continues, "...he looked like fire; and brilliant light surrounded him. Like the appearance of a rainbow in the clouds on a rainy day, so was the radiance around him" (Ezekiel 1:27-28).

A true prophet has made a complete offering of himself to God, and proclaims the fire of God's love whilst also reverencing the God who is a consuming fire.

The experience of sitting among the exiles by the river for a week overwhelmed Ezekiel. Every prophet has times when all he can see is the disaster, the difficulty and the discouragement all around. How good if at that time we can also be envisioned to see Jesus "crowned with glory and honour" (Heb 2:9). Suddenly we experience the light and heat which streams to us from the God who is never cold and
forbidding but is always welcoming like a warm fire.

First published in Prophecy Today, Vol 7 No 1, January/February 1991.